Who are considered outsiders in the labor market?

Outsiders in the labor market are typically considered to be those individuals who face significant barriers to employment or are at a disadvantage in securing stable and well-paying jobs. Unemployed workers, particularly those who experience higher rates of unemployment, fall into this category as they are not currently part of the labor force and may struggle to find job opportunities. Factors contributing to their outsider status can include skills mismatch, geographical constraints, or industry downturns.

In contrast, the other groups mentioned in the options generally represent individuals who are actively working or have a more stable status in the labor market. For instance, supervisors and workers in part-time roles may have job security or benefits, placing them inside the labor market. Similarly, workers approaching retirement age may have established careers, providing them with a different status compared to those struggling to enter or re-enter the workforce. These distinctions illustrate why unemployed workers, especially those facing higher unemployment rates, are deemed outsiders.